{"id":13941,"date":"2021-07-31T18:43:22","date_gmt":"2021-07-31T16:43:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/codexvirtualis.fr\/codex\/?page_id=13941"},"modified":"2021-08-03T18:50:19","modified_gmt":"2021-08-03T16:50:19","slug":"le-vol-a-partir-de-lexemple-des-insectes-introduction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/codexvirtualis.fr\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-a-partir-de-lexemple-des-insectes-introduction","title":{"rendered":"Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes : introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; \">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center; \" colspan=\"3\">Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: left; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/posseder-un-squelette-externe-ou-un-squelette-interne-a-partir-des-exemples-des-euarthropodes-et-des-vertebres-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"Poss\u00e9der un squelette externe ou un squelette interne \u00e0 partir des exemples des Euarthropodes et des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s : bibliographie et sitographie\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a><\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 60%; text-align: center; \">\u00a0<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: right; \"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces\">Suivant<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<\/header>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<section class=\"article\" id=\"d0e8544\">\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">A\u00efmen<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Belkhiat<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:aimen.belkhiat@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">aimen.belkhiat@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">Driss<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Ben Mouhamed<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:driss.ben.mouhamed@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">driss.ben.mouhamed@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">James<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Eav<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:james.eav@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">james.eav@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">Zackaria<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Mchachti<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:zackaria.mchachti@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">zackaria.mchachti@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<h3>Table des mati\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"toc\">\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-a-partir-de-lexemple-des-insectes-introduction#d0e8593\" title=\"Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes : introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces\">Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces#d0e8633\" title=\"Les ailes des Insectes : des organes de grande surface\">Les ailes des Insectes : des organes de grande surface<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces#d0e8756\" title=\"Les ailes des Insectes : des replis t\u00e9gumentaires \u00e0 la fois souples et rigides\">Les ailes des Insectes : des replis t\u00e9gumentaires \u00e0 la fois souples et rigides<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces#d0e8849\" title=\"Les ailes des Insectes : des organes de sustentation et de propulsion\">Les ailes des Insectes : des organes de sustentation et de propulsion<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-une-musculature-a-lorigine-des-forces\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : une musculature \u00e0 l\u2019origine des forces\">Le vol des Insectes : une musculature \u00e0 l\u2019origine des forces<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-une-musculature-a-lorigine-des-forces#d0e8873\" title=\"Les muscles du vol des Insectes : des organes thoraciques ins\u00e9r\u00e9s sur la cuticule\">Les muscles du vol des Insectes : des organes thoraciques ins\u00e9r\u00e9s sur la cuticule<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-une-musculature-a-lorigine-des-forces#d0e8958\" title=\"Les muscles du vol des Insectes : une action directe ou indirecte sur les ailes\">Les muscles du vol des Insectes : une action directe ou indirecte sur les ailes<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-une-musculature-a-lorigine-des-forces#d0e9051\" title=\"Les muscles du vol des Insectes : un rythme synchrone ou asynchrone\">Les muscles du vol des Insectes : un rythme synchrone ou asynchrone<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-un-mode-de-locomotion-integre\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : un mode de locomotion int\u00e9gr\u00e9\">Le vol des Insectes : un mode de locomotion int\u00e9gr\u00e9<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-un-mode-de-locomotion-integre#d0e9079\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : une int\u00e9gration avec les fonctions de nutrition\">Le vol des Insectes : une int\u00e9gration avec les fonctions de nutrition<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-un-mode-de-locomotion-integre#d0e9156\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : une int\u00e9gration avec les fonctions de relation\">Le vol des Insectes : une int\u00e9gration avec les fonctions de relation<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-a-partir-de-lexemple-des-insectes-conclusion\" title=\"Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes : conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"bibliography\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-a-partir-de-lexemple-des-insectes-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes : bibliographie et sitographie\">Bibliographie et sitographie<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sect1\" id=\"d0e8593\">\n<h2 class=\"title\" style=\"clear: both\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Les animaux sont des \u00eatres vivants eucaryotes et pluricellulaires, h\u00e9t\u00e9rotrophes pour le carbone et g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement mobiles. <\/p>\n<p>Le nombre d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces animales est estim\u00e9 \u00e0 10 000 000, seules 10% sont actuellement connues.<br \/>\nLes esp\u00e8ces animales pr\u00e9sentant des caract\u00e8res morphologiques, g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques et physiologiques communs sont class\u00e9es dans un m\u00eame groupe, excluant les esp\u00e8ces qui en sont d\u00e9pourvues.<br \/>\nLa classification ainsi construite rend compte des liens de parent\u00e9 entre esp\u00e8ces et de l&rsquo;\u00e9volution.<\/p>\n<p>Parmi les groupes animaux, celui des Euarthropodes est le plus vaste en termes de nombres d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces et d\u2019individus.<br \/>\nSes repr\u00e9sentants sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par une enveloppe corporelle rigide, la cuticule, agenc\u00e9e en plaques articul\u00e9es entre elles par des membranes articulaires souples.<br \/>\nLe corps est constitu\u00e9 de segments se succ\u00e9dant le long de l&rsquo;axe ant\u00e9ropost\u00e9rieur, group\u00e9s en regions fonctionnelles appel\u00e9es tagmes.<\/p>\n<p>Les Insectes sont des Euarthropodes dont le corps comporte trois tagmes :<\/p>\n<ul class=\"itemizedlist\" style=\"list-style-type: disc; \">\n<li class=\"listitem\">la t\u00eate ant\u00e9rieure, portant la bouche en position ventrale associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des pi\u00e8ces buccales et notamment des mandibules, munie d&rsquo;une paire d\u2019antennes, d&rsquo;yeux compos\u00e9s, d&rsquo;ocelles et contenant les centres nerveux ;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">le thorax moyen comprenant trois segments, le prothorax, le m\u00e9sothorax et le m\u00e9tathorax, portant chacun une paire de pattes ventrale et pour les segments m\u00e9sothoracique et m\u00e9tathoracique une paire d\u2019ailes dorsale ;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"listitem\">l&rsquo;abdomen post\u00e9rieur, d\u00e9pourvu d&rsquo;appendices, contenant l&rsquo;essentiel des visc\u00e8res et portant l&rsquo;anus.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les Insectes se d\u00e9placent dans leur milieu de vie par la marche, le saut, la nage et pour nombre d&rsquo;entre aux par le vol.<\/p>\n<p>En premi\u00e8re approximation, le vol est d\u00e9fini comme un mode de d\u00e9placement dans l&rsquo;air, sans contact avec le sol.<br \/>\nIl implique d&rsquo;une part une sustentation et d&rsquo;autre part une propulsion, le plus souvent assur\u00e9es par des dispositifs anatomiques appel\u00e9s ailes. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un d\u00e9placement volontaire et prolong\u00e9, \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence du saut.<br \/>\nIl existe deux sortes de vol : le vol actif li\u00e9 \u00e0 des battements des ailes et le vol passif, \u00e9galement dit vol plan\u00e9, dans lequel les ailes sont immobiles. <\/p>\n<p>Comment les Insectes volent-ils ? <\/p>\n<p>Quelles sont les structures corporelles impliqu\u00e9es ? <\/p>\n<p>Comment fonctionnent-elles ?<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<footer>\n<hr \/>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; \">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: left; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/posseder-un-squelette-externe-ou-un-squelette-interne-a-partir-des-exemples-des-euarthropodes-et-des-vertebres-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"Poss\u00e9der un squelette externe ou un squelette interne \u00e0 partir des exemples des Euarthropodes et des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s : bibliographie et sitographie\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a>\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: center; \">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; \"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-vol-des-insectes-des-ailes-assurant-la-transmission-de-forces\" title=\"Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces\">Suivant<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; \">Bibliographie et sitographie\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: center; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\" title=\"Petites questions de physiologie animale 2019 : ouvrage\">Sommaire<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; \">\u00a0Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/footer>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le vol \u00e0 partir de l\u2019exemple des Insectes Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent \u00a0 Suivant &nbsp; A\u00efmen Belkhiat &lt;aimen.belkhiat@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; Driss Ben Mouhamed &lt;driss.ben.mouhamed@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; James Eav &lt;james.eav@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; Zackaria Mchachti &lt;zackaria.mchachti@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; &nbsp; Table des mati\u00e8res Introduction Le vol des Insectes : des ailes assurant la transmission de forces Les ailes des Insectes : des organes de grande surface Les ailes des [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":13169,"menu_order":55,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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