{"id":13834,"date":"2021-07-20T17:11:53","date_gmt":"2021-07-20T15:11:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/codexvirtualis.fr\/codex\/?page_id=13834"},"modified":"2021-08-03T14:11:56","modified_gmt":"2021-08-03T12:11:56","slug":"le-probleme-de-leau-et-des-ions-chez-les-teleosteens-introduction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/codexvirtualis.fr\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-probleme-de-leau-et-des-ions-chez-les-teleosteens-introduction","title":{"rendered":"Le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens : introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; \">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center; \" colspan=\"3\">Le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: left; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/la-diversite-et-lunite-des-appareils-branchiaux-des-vertebres-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"La diversit\u00e9 et l\u2019unit\u00e9 des appareils branchiaux des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s : bibliographie et sitographie\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a>\u00a0<\/td>\n<th style=\"width: 60%; text-align: center; \">\u00a0<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: right; \"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-branchies-sites-de-flux-spontanes-et-de-transferts-controles-deau-et-dions\" title=\"Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d\u2019eau et d\u2019ions\">Suivant<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<\/header>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<section class=\"article\" id=\"d0e6709\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens<\/h2>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">A\u00efmen<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Bouzidi<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:A\u00efmen.bouzidi@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">A\u00efmen.bouzidi@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">Ronan<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Dadole<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:ronan.dadole@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">ronan.dadole@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">Romain<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Fill\u00e2tre<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:romain.fillatre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">romain.fillatre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<p><class=\"author\"><br \/>\n<span class=\"firstname\">Thomas<\/span> <span class=\"surname\">Leli\u00e8vre<\/span><br \/>\n<code class=\"email\">&lt;<a class=\"email\" href=\"mailto:thomas.lelievre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr\">thomas.lelievre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr<\/a>&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<h3>Table des mati\u00e8res<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"toc\">\n<li><span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-probleme-de-leau-et-des-ions-chez-les-teleosteens-introduction#d0e6758\" title=\"Le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens : introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-branchies-sites-de-flux-spontanes-et-de-transferts-controles-deau-et-dions\" title=\"Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d\u2019eau et d\u2019ions\">Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions<\/a><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-branchies-sites-de-flux-spontanes-et-de-transferts-controles-deau-et-dions#d0e6799\" title=\"Une surface importante et une faible \u00e9paisseur pour des flux d'ions spontan\u00e9s\">Une surface importante et une faible \u00e9paisseur pour des flux d&rsquo;ions spontan\u00e9s<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-branchies-sites-de-flux-spontanes-et-de-transferts-controles-deau-et-dions#d0e6949\" title=\"Des ionocytes, des canaux et des pompes pour des transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d'eau et d'ions\">Des ionocytes, des canaux et des pompes pour des transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-tractus-digestif-site-de-labsorption-deau-et-dions\" title=\"Le tractus digestif : site de l\u2019absorption d\u2019eau et d\u2019ions\">Le tractus digestif : site de l&rsquo;absorption d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions<\/a><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-tractus-digestif-site-de-labsorption-deau-et-dions#d0e7147\" title=\"L\u2019\u0153sophage : organe de dessalement de l'eau de mer ing\u00e9r\u00e9e\">L\u2019\u0153sophage : organe de dessalement de l&rsquo;eau de mer ing\u00e9r\u00e9e<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-tractus-digestif-site-de-labsorption-deau-et-dions#d0e7200\" title=\"L\u2019intestin : organe d'absorption active de l'eau\">L\u2019intestin : organe d&rsquo;absorption active de l&rsquo;eau<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-reins-sites-devacuation-et-de-retention-deau-et-dions\" title=\"Les reins : sites d\u2019\u00e9vacuation et de r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau et d\u2019ions\">Les reins : sites d\u2019\u00e9vacuation et de r\u00e9tention d\u2019eau et d&rsquo;ions<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-reins-sites-devacuation-et-de-retention-deau-et-dions#d0e7301\" title=\"Les reins, des organes produisant un liquide contenant de l\u2019eau et des ions, l'urine\">Les reins, des organes produisant un liquide contenant de l\u2019eau et des ions, l&rsquo;urine<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-reins-sites-devacuation-et-de-retention-deau-et-dions#d0e7428\" title=\"Les reins, des organes \u00e9liminant l\u2019eau par production d\u2019urine abondante et dilu\u00e9e\">Les reins, des organes \u00e9liminant l\u2019eau par production d\u2019urine abondante et dilu\u00e9e<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect2\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-reins-sites-devacuation-et-de-retention-deau-et-dions#d0e7477\" title=\"Les reins, des organes conservant l'eau par production d\u2019urine peu abondante et concentr\u00e9e\">Les reins, des organes conservant l&rsquo;eau par production d\u2019urine peu abondante et concentr\u00e9e<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"sect1\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-probleme-de-leau-et-des-ions-chez-les-teleosteens-conclusion\" title=\"Le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens : conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"bibliography\"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/le-probleme-de-leau-et-des-ions-chez-les-teleosteens-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"Le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens : bibliographie et sitographie\">Bibliographie et sitographie<\/a><\/span>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sect1\" id=\"d0e6758\">\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<h2 class=\"title\" style=\"clear: both\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Les Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s sont des animaux dont le corps est form\u00e9 d&rsquo;une t\u00eate ant\u00e9rieure, d&rsquo;un tronc moyen portant deux paires de membres, et d&rsquo;une queue post\u00e9rieure.<br \/>\nIls poss\u00e8dent un squelette interne comportant notamment un axe longitudinal et dorsal, la colonne vert\u00e9brale, constitu\u00e9e d&rsquo;unit\u00e9s r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es, les vert\u00e8bres, \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine du nom du groupe.<br \/>\nLes Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s sont pr\u00e9sents en milieu a\u00e9rien et en milieu aquatique. Les premiers sont par exemple repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par les Mammif\u00e8res comme la Souris et les Oiseaux comme la Poule, et les seconds par les S\u00e9laciens comme le Requin et les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens comme le Gardon et la Morue.<\/p>\n<p>Les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens sont des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s aquatiques dont les membres sont des nageoires et qui poss\u00e8dent un squelette form\u00e9 de tissu osseux.<br \/>\nIls repr\u00e9sentent 99,8 % des esp\u00e8ces de \u00ab poissons \u00bb actuels. Ils sont pr\u00e9sents dans tous les milieux aquatiques, marin comme et dul\u00e7aquicole.<\/p>\n<p>Le milieu marin et l&rsquo;eau douce ont des caract\u00e9ristiques physiques et chimiques tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes, en particulier des concentrations osmotiques et ioniques distinctes.<\/p>\n<p>La concentration osmotique correspond au nombre de particules ayant un effet osmotique dissoutes dans une unit\u00e9 de volume de solvant. Elle est exprim\u00e9e en Osmol.l<sup>-1<\/sup>.<br \/>\nLorsque deux compartiments s\u00e9par\u00e9s par une membrane semiperm\u00e9able contiennent des solutions de concentrations osmotiques diff\u00e9rentes, un flux d&rsquo;eau est \u00e9tabli du compartiment de concentration osmotique faible, qualifi\u00e9 d&rsquo;hypoosmotique, vers le compartiment de concentration osmotique \u00e9l\u00e9v\u00e9e, dit hyperosmotique. Le gradient de concentration osmotique est le moteur du transfert d&rsquo;eau.<\/p>\n<p>La concentration ionique correspond quant \u00e0 elle au nombre de moles d&rsquo;un ion en solution dans une unit\u00e9 de volume de solvant. Elle est exprim\u00e9e en mol.l<sup>-1<\/sup>.<br \/>\nDe la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que pour la concentration osmotique le gradient \u00e9lectrochimique d&rsquo;un ion, prenant en compte la concentration ionique et les charges \u00e9lectriques en pr\u00e9sence, est le moteur du transfert passif de cet ion entre deux compartiments.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019eau de mer a une concentration osmotique de 1000 mOsmol.l<sup>-1<\/sup> tandis que l\u2019eau douce a une concentration osmotique de 1 \u00e0 10 mOsmol.l<sup>-1<\/sup>.<br \/>\nLa concentration osmotique du milieu int\u00e9rieur des T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens se situe entre 300 et 400 mOsmol.l<sup>-1<\/sup>.<br \/>\nIl existe donc un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre des concentrations osmotique et ioniques des milieux ext\u00e9rieur et int\u00e9rieur des T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens. En milieu marin, les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens sont hypoosmotiques et hypoioniques par rapport \u00e0 leur environnement alors qu&rsquo;en eau douce, ils sont hyperosmotiques et hyperioniques par rapport \u00e0 leur environnement.<br \/>\nEn cons\u00e9quence, des mouvements d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions spontan\u00e9s se produisent \u00e0 travers les surfaces corporelles perm\u00e9ables.<\/p>\n<p>Or les concentrations osmotique et ioniques du milieu int\u00e9rieur de ces animaux sont stables. Ils maintiennent leur \u00e9quilibre hydro\u00e9lectrolytique en d\u00e9pit des diff\u00e9rences existant entre leur milieu int\u00e9rieur et leur environnement.<br \/>\nLes r\u00e9gulations de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre hydrique et de l\u2019\u00e9quilibre \u00e9lectrolytique impliquent deux m\u00e9canismes : une r\u00e9gulation de la concentration osmotique du milieu int\u00e9rieur ou osmor\u00e9gulation, et une r\u00e9gulation des concentrations ioniques du milieu int\u00e9rieur ou ionor\u00e9gulation.<\/p>\n<p>Comment le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions, li\u00e9 aux d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres entre milieux int\u00e9rieur et ext\u00e9rieur, est-il r\u00e9solu par les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens ?<\/p>\n<p>Quels sont les organes impliqu\u00e9s dans l\u2019osmor\u00e9gulation et l&rsquo;ionor\u00e9gulation dans ce groupe ? <\/p>\n<p>Quels sont les m\u00e9canismes impliqu\u00e9s dans chaque milieu de vie ?<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p> &nbsp; <\/p>\n<footer>\n<hr \/>\n<table style=\"width: 100%; \">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: left; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/la-diversite-et-lunite-des-appareils-branchiaux-des-vertebres-bibliographie-et-sitographie\" title=\"La diversit\u00e9 et l\u2019unit\u00e9 des appareils branchiaux des Vert\u00e9br\u00e9s : bibliographie et sitographie\">Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: center; \">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; \"><a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\/les-branchies-sites-de-flux-spontanes-et-de-transferts-controles-deau-et-dions\" title=\"Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d\u2019eau et d\u2019ions\">Suivant<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: left; vertical-align: top; \">Bibliographie et sitographie\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%; text-align: center; \">\n<a href=\"\/codex\/petites-questions-de-physiologie\/petites-questions-de-physiologie-animale-2019-ouvrage\" title=\"Petites questions de physiologie animale 2019 : ouvrage\">Sommaire<\/a>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40%; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; \">\u00a0Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/footer>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0 \u00a0 Suivant &nbsp; Le probl\u00e8me de l&rsquo;eau et des ions chez les T\u00e9l\u00e9ost\u00e9ens A\u00efmen Bouzidi &lt;A\u00efmen.bouzidi@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; Ronan Dadole &lt;ronan.dadole@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; Romain Fill\u00e2tre &lt;romain.fillatre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; Thomas Leli\u00e8vre &lt;thomas.lelievre@etu.univ-st-etienne.fr&gt; &nbsp; Table des mati\u00e8res Introduction Les branchies : sites de flux spontan\u00e9s et de transferts contr\u00f4l\u00e9s d&rsquo;eau et d&rsquo;ions [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":13169,"menu_order":43,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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